Causative Agent:

• Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi (and Salmonella paratyphi for paratyphoid fever).

Transmission:

• Spread through contaminated food or water, or contact with the urine or feces of infected individuals (symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers).

Symptoms:

• Fever, headache, malaise, and sometimes watery diarrhea.
• Severe cases may require antibiotics, hospitalization, and intravenous fluids.

Diagnosis:

• Confirmed through stool culture or blood tests.

Treatment:

• Antibiotics are the primary treatment, though increasing resistance is a concern.
• Supportive care includes hydration and rest. Avoid NSAIDs until dengue fever is ruled out.

Prevention:

• Good hygiene, proper sanitation, and vaccination (though immunization may not always prevent infection).

Epidemiology:

• Common in areas with inadequate hygiene and sanitation, especially in developing countries.
• High suspicion is needed for fever and travel history to endemic areas.

Prognosis:

• Usually self-limiting, but can be severe and potentially fatal if untreated.

Additional Notes:

• Typhoid can present with fever, abdominal pain, and other systemic symptoms after an incubation period.